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======================================================================== Welcome to CA-Clipper Version 5.2! Copyright (c) 1993, Computer Associates International, Inc. All rights reserved. This file, README, contains information on issues that did not make the printed or online documentation. It also contains some corrections to errors in the printed documentation. ======================================================================== 1. Contents The following topics are covered in this documentation file: 1. Contents 2. Installation 3. Online Documentation 4. Drivers 5. Error Handling 6. New Error Messages 7. Utilities 8. Sample Programs 9. Memory 10. Compatibility Issues 11. Errata 12. Technical Reference 13. Copyright ======================================================================== 2. Installation The interactive installation program, INSTALL.EXE, copies the CA-Clipper 5.2 files to the appropriate directories and subdirectories of your hard disk. The installation procedure is documented in Chapter 2 of the Getting Started Guide, but this section contains additional information that you may need to successfully install CA-Clipper 5.2. Important: The CA-Clipper 5.2 installation program default installation directory is \CLIPPER5. If you have a previous version of CA-Clipper installed into a directory with this name, you will need to modify the install program default directory (when prompted), otherwise your previous version of CA-Clipper will be overwritten. --------------------------------------------------------------------- 2.1 Command Line Arguments The following table shows the command line arguments for INSTALL.EXE. INSTALL.EXE Command Line Arguments ----------------------------------------------------------- Argument Description ----------------------------------------------------------- /NOSWAP Do not swap to EMS or disk /BW Monochrome for color display (for Laptops) /MONO Force monochrome display ----------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------- 2.2 Default Directory Structure The CA-Clipper 5.2 directory structure created by the installation procedure is as follows: \CLIPPER5 Master CA-Clipper 5.2 directory \BIN Executable (.EXE and .COM), batch (.BAT), and help (.hlp) files \INCLUDE Header (.CH and .H) files \LIB Library (.LIB) files \PLL Prelinked library (.PLL, .PLT, and .LNK) files \OBJ Object (.OBJ) files \SOURCE Master directory for source (.prg) files \DBU Database Utility source files \PE Program editor source files \RL Report and Label Utility source files \SYS Source files for runtime systems (Get system, Error system, runtime portions of the Report and Label system, and Rddsys.prg) \SAMPLE Sample program source files \NG The Guide to CA-Clipper files --------------------------------------------------------------------- 2.3 Modifying Your Environment Variables Certain environment variables (e.g., PATH, LIB, INCLUDE) should be set for CA-Clipper 5.2. If you elected to modify the AUTOEXEC.BAT file during the installation process, your file should be up-to- date. Otherwise, the appropriate settings are written to a file called AUTOEXEC.NEW located in the root directory of the boot drive. In either case, it is important that your AUTOEXEC.BAT file contain these additional settings so that CA-Clipper 5.2 will find your files. The required settings are as follows: 1. The PATH variable should include the directory where CA-Clipper 5.2 executable files reside (example: C:\CLIPPER5\BIN). 2. The LIB variable should include the directory where CA-Clipper 5.2 library files reside (example: C:\CLIPPER5\LIB). 3. The INCLUDE variable should include the directory where CA-Clipper 5.2 include files reside (example: C:\CLIPPER5\INCLUDE). 4. The PLL variable should include the directory where CA-Clipper 5.2 prelinked library files reside (example: C:\CLIPPER5\PLL). For example: SET PATH=C:\CLIPPER5\BIN;%PATH% SET LIB=C:\CLIPPER5\LIB SET INCLUDE=C:\CLIPPER5\INCLUDE SET PLL=C:\CLIPPER5\PLL You may also wish to set other environment variables. For a summary of environment variables used and supported by CA-Clipper 5.2, refer to Chapter 10 of the Quick Reference Guide. For more information on setting up and using the CA-Clipper development environment, refer to the Programming and Utilities Guide. For general information about the DOS environment and setting environment variables, refer to your DOS manual. The installation program modifies CONFIG.SYS to: FILES=25 BUFFERS=15 If you choose to retain your current CONFIG.SYS the installation program creates a file named CONFIG.NEW and places it in the root directory of your boot drive. ======================================================================== 3. Online Documentation The online documentation consists of the Norton Instant Access Engine (NG.EXE) and the following documentation databases: C52G01B.NG The Guide To CA-Clipper (CA-Clipper Language Reference and Tables) C52G02B.NG Error Messages (Compiler, Linker, RMAKE, Runtime, and DOS errors) C52G03B.NG Technical Reference (not included) (Available through the Computer Associates Supplemental Offer. To order, refer to the enclosed slipcard) C52G04B.NG Utilities and Environment Variables (Reference documentation for Utilities (Compiler, Linker, RMAKE, PE, DBU, RL, and CLD) and DOS (SET) Environment Variables) C52G05B.NG Release Notes (Version Specific Information (i.e., Change Summaries) C52G06B.NG Sample Programs (Sample Program Reference) C52G07B.NG CA-Clipper Drivers Documentation (Complete Drivers Guide online) All of the documentation databases and the Instant Access Engine are installed in the \NG directory, which exists at the same level as the \CLIPPER5 directory. ======================================================================== 4. Drivers CA-Clipper 5.2 includes new replaceable database drivers (RDDs) as well as enhanced functionality in the default DBFNTX and the DBFNDX drivers. The included database drivers are DBFNTX (CA-Clipper indexes), DBFNDX (dBASE III compatible indexes), DBFMDX (dBASE IV compatible multiple indexes), DBFCDX (FoxPro compatible indexes) and DBPX (Paradox compatible tables). CA-Clipper 5.2 documentation includes a Drivers Guide that describes the RDDs, their new and enhanced command set, and the alternate Terminal drivers. Please note: The online version of the DBFNTX Driver documentation contains "new" information about DBFNTX's optional new locking scheme. Please be sure to refer to this section if using the DBFNTX driver. --------------------------------------------------------------------- 4.1 Alternate Terminal Drivers Instructions The GT.OBJ supplied in the \CLIPPER5\OBJ directory must be used with the Alternate Terminal Drivers PCBIOS and ANSITERM. This object replaces the default GT.OBJ that is contained in CLIPPER.LIB. Failing to link in this replacement GT.OBJ will result in improper screen displays and possibly cause the computer to hang when using the alternate drivers. Note: GT.OBJ does not support the horizontal argument in the SCROLL() function nor does it support _gtDispBegin(), _gtDispEnd(), or _gtDispCount(). --------------------------------------------------------------------- 4.2 Nantucket Tools II Instructions The CTUS.OBJ supplied in the \CLIPPER5\OBJ directory replaces the NT2US50.OBJ object initially shipped with TOOLS II. Use it with CA-Clipper 5.2 applications that utilize TOOLS II. This is not necessary for users that do not have TOOLS II. --------------------------------------------------------------------- 4.3 Database Driver Interoperability When using the APPEND FROM and COPY TO commands with either DELIMITED or SDF data, the allowable data types are limited to valid CA-Clipper data types. Drivers that support "extended" data types will only be able to copy to and from DELIMITED or SDF data using databases that contain only valid CA-Clipper data types. --------------------------------------------------------------------- 4.4 Addendum: to Drivers Reference Chapter Commands and functions that open indexes behave differently than documented when using (.mdx) and (.cdx) indexes. On these "multi- tag" indexes, the index order is not automatically set to the first tag in the index. Instead, the order is set to 0 (natural order). Therefore, you must set the index order to the desired tag before performing any action that requires an index (e.g., SEEK). This affects the following commands and functions: SET INDEX, DBSETINDEX(), and ORDLISTADD(). --------------------------------------------------------------------- 4.5 DBFCDX Driver note EVAL and EVERY clauses of the INDEX ON command The EVAL clause functions differently in the DBFCDX driver than it does in other RDDs. The EVAL block is evaluated at the beginning and at the end of each indexing process as well as at each record as in other RDDs. At the beginning of the index process both BOF() and EOF() are true (.T.). At the end of the indexing process only EOF() is true (.T.). --------------------------------------------------------------------- 4.6.1 DBPX Driver Notes Creating Secondary Indexes The DBPX Driver automatically creates two index files of the same name as the table whenever indexes are created. These files have the extensions (.x??) and (.y??) where "??" represents the ordinal position of the key field. Example: USE Customer // Contains fields Lastname // and Phone INDEX ON Lastname TO Temp1 // Creates CUSTOMER.X01 and // CUSTOMER.Y01. // The name "Temp1" is ignored INDEX ON Phone TO Temp2 // Creates CUSTOMER.X02 and // CUSTOMER.Y02. // The name "Temp2" is ignored. --------------------------------------------------------------------- 4.6.2 Opening Secondary Indexes Since all secondary indexes take the name of the table, you open and access them by the name of their key field. Example: // Continuing the example in 4.6.1: SET INDEX TO Lastname // Open the index using the // name of the key field, // not "Temp1" SET INDEX TO Lastname, Phone // Open the indexes using the // names of the key fields. ORDSETFOCUS("Phone") // Set "Phone" as the // controlling index ======================================================================== 5. Error Handling --------------------------------------------------------------------- 5.1 (b) LOCKERRHAN During abnormal program terminations or when the program is canceled by Alt-C, CA-Clipper 5.2 produces a trace back of all the functions active at the time of termination. Users who are used to this information will find a new item in the trace back that looks like (b) LOCKERRHAN. This is a special error handler that is automatically installed as an INIT procedure. This is normal. Other error handlers installed by INIT procedures, created by third-party vendors or applications developers will show up in this manner as well. ======================================================================== 6. New Error Messages --------------------------------------------------------------------- 6.1 DBFCDX/1050 Create error Explanation: The maximum number of Orders per Order Bag was exceeded. The allowable number of Orders that an Order Bag can contain varies by database driver. See the Drivers guide. Action: Create a new Order Bag (index file). --------------------------------------------------------------------- 6.2 DBFMDX/1028 Create error Explanation: The maximum number of Orders per Order Bag was exceeded. The allowable number of Orders that an Order Bag can contain varies by database driver. See the Drivers guide. Action: Create a new Order Bag (index file). --------------------------------------------------------------------- 6.3 DBPX/306 Create error Explanation: Insufficient memory for an operation like SORT. It is unlikely that this error will occur in the current version. Action: Allocate more conventional memory. Do this by removing TSRs, using a 386 memory manager, etc. Ensure that any C or assembly language code in use is using the virtual memory system if it is performing dynamic memory allocation. Any memory allocated using the Fixed Memory Allocator function (_xalloc() and _xgrab()) reduces the amount of conventional memory available. Free this memory as soon as possible after use. --------------------------------------------------------------------- 6.4 DBPX/503 Create error Explanation: An error was encountered creating, reading or writing a table, a lock file, or a temporary file. Action: Make sure that sufficient disk space and directory entries are available. If the file exists, make sure it is not marked read-only. In a network environment, make sure the application has the necessary rights to create the file. See Also: INDEX command, Network Programming chapter in the Programming and Utilities guide ======================================================================== 7. Utilities --------------------------------------------------------------------- 7.1 DBU Network Capable Features The DBU sample program has been updated to allow shared use of databases. By default, DBU now opens all databases in shared mode and automatically performs the necessary record locks when writing data. Additionally, anytime a database must be opened exclusively (e.g., CREATE INDEX, MODIFY STRUCTURE, ZAP) DBU automatically reopens the file in exclusive mode. Should opening the file in exclusive mode fail, DBU attempts to reopen it in shared mode so that you can continue. All operations are done transparently. If an error occurs, the user is notified and recovery is automatic. In Browse mode, changes made by another user are automatically reflected in your Browse screen. ======================================================================== 8. Sample Programs --------------------------------------------------------------------- 8.1 SAMPLES.LIB Included in the \CLIPPER5\LIB directory is a new library called SAMPLES.LIB. It contains most of the samples in compiled, ready to use form. To use any of the sample functions you can include SAMPLES.LIB in your link line as follows: RTLINK FI <appObjectList> LIB SAMPLES ======================================================================== 9. Memory 9.1 Free Memory and Load size Free Memory is the amount of memory available to run applications. You can find this value by using the MEM command in DOS version 5.0, or CHKDSK in earlier versions of DOS. Load Size is the amount of memory used by the application as it is loaded into memory by DOS. .RTLink reports this value (in Kilobytes) at the end of a successful link. Applications require an amount of memory beyond Load Size, for data storage. The approximate total memory to run an application is : minimum: 120K over load size desirable for best performance: +160K over load size --------------------------------------------------------------------- 9.2 Fixed Memory (FM) Usage To reduce the memory requirement of your application, you should convert your C and ASM modules to use Virtual Memory instead of Fixed Memory. The VM.API headers accompany these files, but the documentation will be available later (be sure to mail the included card). --------------------------------------------------------------------- 9.3 CA-Clipper File Services You may reduce the load size of a CA-Clipper application by using the built-in CA-Clipper file I/O services instead of the Microsoft runtime services. The FILESYS.API headers accompany these files, but the documentation will be available later (be sure to mail the included card). ======================================================================== 10.Compatibility Issues --------------------------------------------------------------------- Compiler Kit for dBASE IV The dBASE IV Kit, version 1.10 is not compatible with CA-Clipper 5.2. You can only use version 1.5 of the dBASE IV Kit with CA-Clipper 5.2. ======================================================================== 11.Errata 11.1 Reference Guide --------------------------------------------------------------------- 11.1.1 Page 2-62, (Compound Assign) operator The documentation states that the correct operator for doing compound exponentiation/assignment is **=. This is not correct. The correct operator is ^=. Thus, the syntax and all references to **= must be changed to ^=. There is also a note in this entry that states: Note: The exponentiation operator (^) does not have a corresponding compound assignment operator. The exponentiation compound assignment operator is **=. Replace this paragraph with: Note: The exponentiation operator (**) does not have a corresponding compound assignment operator. The exponentiation compound assignment operator is ^=. --------------------------------------------------------------------- 11.1.2 Page 2-244, DBSETFILTER() function The description of the <cCondition> parameter should read: <cCondition> stores the filter condition as a character string for later retrieval by the DBFILTER() function. If you omit this optional parameter, the DBFILTER() function will return an empty string for the work area. --------------------------------------------------------------------- 11.1.3 Page 2-373, Get class Under the Examples heading, the last line of code: objGet:postBlock := { |cValue| !EMPTY(cValue) } should read: objGet:postBlock := { |oGet| !EMPTY(oGet:varGet()) } --------------------------------------------------------------------- 11.1.4 Page 2-479, OUTSTD() function The reference to SIMPLIO.CH in both the Description and Files section of the OUTSTD() function entry should be SIMPLIO.CH. --------------------------------------------------------------------- 11.1.5 Page 2-525, REINDEX command The command syntax has too many square brackets at the end. The syntax should read: REINDEX [EVAL <lCondition>] [EVERY <nRecords>] --------------------------------------------------------------------- 11.1.6 Page 2-416, LASTREC() function Because of the expanded functionality of RECNO() to encompass the concept of "identity", we wish to state here that the LASTREC() function continues to return only record numbers - not identities. LASTREC() has no expanded functionality so it is not "identity aware" --------------------------------------------------------------------- 11.2 Programming and Utilities Guide --------------------------------------------------------------------- 11.2.1. Page 11-3, RMAKE [/S] switch The RMAKE /S switch is no longer supported. --------------------------------------------------------------------- 11.3. Quick Reference Guide --------------------------------------------------------------------- 11.3.1. Page 7-7, RMAKE [/S] switch The RMAKE /S switch is no longer supported. --------------------------------------------------------------------- 11.3.2. Page 8-1, PE [/E] switch PE has no switches. It accepts only the filename as a parameter. --------------------------------------------------------------------- 11.3.3. Page 8-1, DBU /e switch This switch is optional and not case-sensitive. --------------------------------------------------------------------- 11.4. CA-Clipper Drivers Guide --------------------------------------------------------------------- 11.4.1. Page 2-3, RDDSYS.PRG The first line of code in RDDSYS.PRG (#include "rddsys.ch") should be omitted. --------------------------------------------------------------------- 11.4.2. Page 3-27, ORDCREATE() In the ORDCREATE() syntax, the code block is not optional. The syntax should be: ORDCREATE( <cOrderBagName>,[<cOrderName>], <cExpKey>, <bExpKey>, [<lUnique>]) --> NIL --------------------------------------------------------------------- 11.4.3 Page 8-6, Primary Indexes To clarify the documentation on the creation of key violation tables: a key violation table (KEYVIOL.DB) is created only on the APPEND FROM command, when the source is a (.db) file and the destination is a keyed (.db) file. --------------------------------------------------------------------- 11.4.4 Page 8-7, Temporary Indexes This version of DBPX does NOT support Temporary (partial) indexes --------------------------------------------------------------------- 11.4.5 Page 8-7, Secondary Indexes Secondary Indexes, contrary to the documentation, ARE maintained the same way normal DBFNTX indexes are maintained. --------------------------------------------------------------------- 11.4.6 Page 8-8, Passwords and Security The current Paradox driver, contrary to the documentation, does NOT support Passwords and Security. Contrary to the documentation, you may have more than twenty-four Paradox tables open at one time. The number of files is determined by the available memory. You may have up to fifteen secondary indexes open in any work area. ======================================================================== 12.Technical Reference The Technical Reference Guide which includes API (Advanced Programming Interface) documentation on the Extend, Fixed Memory, Virtual Memory, Terminal, Replaceable Database Driver, and several additional APIs is available through the Computer Associates Supplemental Offer. To order, refer to the enclosed slipcard. ======================================================================== 13.Copyright The installation program used to install CA-Clipper 5.2, INSTALL, is based on licensed software provided by Knowledge Dynamics Corp, P. O. Box 1558, Canyon Lake, Texas 78130-1558 (USA). INSTALL is Copyrighted (c) 1987-1991 by Knowledge Dynamics Corp which reserves all copyright protection worldwide. INSTALL is provided to you for the exclusive purpose of installing CA-Clipper 5.2. Computer Associates has made modifications to the software as provided by Knowledge Dynamics Corp, and thus the performance and behavior of the INSTALL program shipped with CA-Clipper 5.2 may not represent the performance and behavior of INSTALL as shipped by Knowledge Dynamics Corp. Computer Associates is exclusively responsible for the support of CA-Clipper 5.2, including support during the installation phase. In no event will Knowledge Dynamics Corp be able to provide any technical support for CA-Clipper 5.2. All trade names referenced herein are either trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective companies. * * *